Kidney stones are hard deposits that form in the kidneys and can cause severe pain and other symptoms. They are made up of minerals and other substances found in urine, such as calcium, oxalate, and uric acid.

The symptoms of kidney stones can include severe pain in the back, side, or groin; nausea and vomiting; and blood in the urine. If you suspect you have kidney stones, it is important to see a healthcare professional for a diagnosis and treatment.

Treatment for kidney stones can vary depending on the size and location of the stones. Smaller stones may pass on their own with pain management and increased fluid intake, while larger stones may require procedures such as shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy, or percutaneous nephrolithotomy to break up or remove the stones.

Prevention of kidney stones includes drinking plenty of fluids, reducing sodium and animal protein in the diet, and avoiding foods high in oxalate, such as spinach, chocolate, and nuts. Medications may also be prescribed to help prevent the formation of kidney stones in those at risk.